Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION 4
1 THE BASICS – WINE 101 6
WHAT IS WINE? 6
GRAPES 7
COLOR CLASSIFICATIONS 9
White wine 9
Red wine 10
Rosé wine 10
DRY, SEMI-SWEET (OFF –DRY) OR SWEET 11
Dry wine 11
Semi-sweet wine 11
Sweet wine 12
TABLE, SPARKLING, FORTIFIED AND DESSERT 12
CONCLUSION 13
2 14
WINESPEAK – A LOOK AT WINE TERMINOLOGY 14
CONCLUSION 17
3 18
NEW WORLD, OLD WORLD, WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE? 18
GENERAL DIFFERENCES 18
Old world wine 18
New world wine 19
VIVA LA DIFFERENCE 20
CONCLUSION 21
4 23
SELECTING, STORING AND SERVING WINE 23
SELECTING WINE 23
SERVING 25
STORING 27
CONCLUSION 28
5 29
SWISH, SWIRL, DON’T GARGLE – WINE TASTING 101 29
ETIQUETTE 30
CONCLUSION 30
6 32
CHOOSING WINE IN A RESTAURANT 32
WINE LIST 32
OPTIONS 33
PRESENTATION 33
CONCLUSION 34
CONCLUSION 35
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INTRODUCTION
The history of wine making and drinking goes back several thousands of years. Early civilizations discovered the process of fermentation. The exact date remains unknown. It is known, however, that by 7,000 B.C. cultivated vines were growing in the region of Mount Ararat and in Asia Minor. Successive civilizations continued to develop on the process of growing and making and storing wine. Irrigation systems created by the Sumerians around 3500 B.C. helped water the vineyards of Mesopotamia and other arid lands. The Assyrians, The Babylonians and the Egyptians continued the trend.
Although the Egyptians preferred beer, the upper echelons drank wine. The pyramidal tombs in both the Valley of the Kings and the Valley of the Nobles contain wall hieroglyphics depicting the growing and the harvesting of grapes as well as the making of wine. The Egyptians were also the first to label the wine vats, sealed against the negative effects of air.
The Greeks were the first to begin categorizing the different types of grapes. Authors recorded such things as techniques and tools. In fact, the Greeks invented the pruning knife. They also developed wine containers – amphorae, of clay to act as storage vessels. The Romans took the Greek’s inventions and techniques developing them further.
Between 750 and 450 B. C., the Romans refined wine growing techniques and processes. Pruning, fertilization and reduction of acidity owe much to the Romans. Pliny the Elder recorded much of the Roman farmers’ practices in this field of agriculture. He classified grapes and recorded the terminology for future generations. The Romans are also responsible for spreading wine culture throughout their empire. Soon, the “provinces” of Hispania (Spain), Gaul (France) and Germania (Germany) – to name a few, were growing grapes for wine making. Even England was learning about wine making. The Roman legions stationed there would trade wine for woolen cloaks and cloth.
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